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Executions and executioners
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16th century
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Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “Seven Godly and constant Martyrs, suffering at one fire together in Smithfield.” Encircled by bundles of faggots, the seven martyrs, including at least one woman, stand back-to-back and chained to three stakes. Each of the martyrs is fully clothed and is identified as (from the top, clockwise... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Margery Polley, fully clothed with hands upraised and tears streaming down her face, stands chained to the stake at Tonbridge. While the flames engulf her and a large black cloud of smoke hovers above her, a crowd of soldiers surrounds her and watches her burn. Revised version of Luborsky and I... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Thomas Haukes, bare-chested and with arms raised above his head (possibly grasping the stake or clasped together in prayer), burns at the stake at Coxehall in Essex. As he is engulfed in flames he cries "Lord receive my Spirit." He is surrounded by a rowdy crowd of soldiers on foot and on hors... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Doctor Rowland Taylor, clothed in a robe and with hands raised and outstretched as in blessing, is burned at the stake at Hadley “for Testimony of the Gospell [Gospel]” on February 9, 1555. As flames engulf him and a dark cloud of smoke hovers above him, he says, “Mercifull [Merciful] father for... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: George Wisehart, hands tied behind his back, hangs from the gallows by rope from his neck and by chain from his waist in St. Andrews, Scotland. Beneath his feet are a burning flame and bundles of wood. A moderate sized crowd surrounds Wisehart to watch him burn. Revised design of Luborsky and In... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The manner of burning Anne Askew, Iohn [John] Lacels, Iohn [John] Adams, & Nicolas Beleman, with certane [certain] of y [the] counsel [council] sitting in Smithfield.” This aerial view of Smithfield shows the martyrs tied to the stake. All four have their hands clasped in prayer while soldiers... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Laurence Saunders, fully clothed with hands clasped as in prayer, is tied to the stake at Coventry. Saunders is facing the left of the image. The executioner nails the chain to the stake while Saunders proclaims: “Welcome life." He is surrounded by a rowdy crowd of soldiers and civilians, a few... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: This tipped-in fold-out illustrates five separate scenes that took place at Windsor Castle. A cartouche spanning the top of the foldout states: "The description of Windsor Castle. The condemning of Anthony Person, Marbecke, Testwood, and Filmer; with y [the] burning of the said Person Testwood, ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “Robert King, Robert Debnam, and Nicholas Marsh hanged for taking downe the Rood of Dovercourt.” These three men hang by the chest from separate gallows while a crowd of onlookers, mostly soldiers, stand behind them and three men, including a man of the church, stand is front of them. The destr... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Four men and three women--John Fishcocke, Nicolas Whyte, Nicolas Pardue, Barbara Fynal widow, Wilson’s wife, and Alice Benden--are chained to three stakes and are engulfed by large flames. All seven martyrs are fully clothed. The three men are all chained to the stake at the far left of the image... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: The martyrdom of three women and an infant at the Isle of Garnsey. The caption of the image indicates that this martyrdom took place on July 18th, 1556. All three women are naked and chained to the stake while an infant emerges from the womb of the woman in the middle. All three women have thei... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Three women-- Katherine Hut, Elizabeth Thackvel, and Joan Horns, are burned at the stake. All three women are fully clothed and have their hands clasped in prayer. The execution takes place at Smithfield and the women are surrounded by a group of soldiers, several of whom are on horseback. Rev... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Apprice, who is blind, and the lame Hugh Laverocke are martyred at Stratford the Bowe, near London. Both Apprice and Laverocke are chained to the stake and are surrounded by faggots and flames. Laverocke holds two crutches in his hands while Apprice has his eyes closed and his hands outstr... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The burning of Dr. Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, in y [the] Towne ditch at Oxford, with his hand first thrust into y [the] fire, wherewith he subscribed before.” Cranmer is fully clothed and chained to the stake. The execution takes placed outside of Oxford. Cranmer, ("Lord receive ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Anne Albright, Joane Catmer, John Lomas, Agnes Snoth, and Joane Sole are chained together to two stakes at Canterbury. They are surrounded by faggots and engulfed by very large flames. A small man in the foreground of the image is tending the pyre while a large crowd gathers around the burning ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The martyrdome [martyrdom] of Master Iohn [John] Philpot Archdeacon, with the manner of his kneeling and praying at the Stake.” Philpot, marked "Philpot" in the image, appears at the right of the image and is kneeling before the stake and bundles of faggots. With his arms outstretched, Philpot... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Bishop Nicholas Ridley (“Ridley”) of London and Bishop Hugh Latimer (“Latimer”) of Worcester are tied, back-to-back, to a stake outside of Oxford. Ridley ("In manus tuas domine [In your hand, Oh Lord]"), stands facing to the left of the image with his arms outstretched to the crowd. Latimer ("Fa... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Two men, William Wolsey and Robert Pygot, stand fully clothed and chained, back-to-back, to the stake. They are both turned to gaze at each other and both have their arms extended. Soldiers surround them and two soldiers stand at the foreground of the image. In earlier editions, this martyrdom ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Denley, fully clothed and chained to the stake, leans forward with arms extended toward a solider who is about to throw a bundle of faggots into the fire. Four other soldiers stand nearby and appear to be in conversation with each other rather than watching Denley's burning. Four ecclesias... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Dirick Carver stands fully clothed and tied to a stake by a chain around his waist. His arms are extended and he has an expression of despair on his face. He is surrounded by a crowd of soldiers; two soldiers in the foreground of the image tend the fire that engulfs Dirick and creates a large da... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Thomas Iveson, a thin and balding man, stands fully clothed and chained to the stake. His arms are raised above his head. He is surrounded by a scattered group of soldiers, some of whom are on foot and others on horseback. This engraving illustrates a new martyrdom that is not illustrated in any... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Thomas Wats, fully clothed and with his hands clasped in prayer, stands chained at the waist to a stake. He is engulfed by flames and a black cloud hovers above him. A woman and several children, tears streaming down their faces, plead for his life. Wats is surrounded by a large crowd of soldi... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Bradford ["Repent England]" and an apprentice, John Lease ("Jesus receive us)," stand chained to a stake in the midst of a large fire while a black cloud of smoke hovers above them. A crowd of soldiers, a few of whom tend the fire, surround them. Revised version of Luborsky and Ingram 1122... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Warne, upholsterer, stands chained at the waist to a stake which has been surrounded with bundles of faggots. Arms extended, he addresses the crowd: "Bewar[e] of Idolatry." John Cardmaker [Mr. Cardmaker], on the other hand, appears to be conversing with a richly dressed men on a horse. The... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: George Marsh, barefoot, stands chained to a stake beneath a barrel of hot tar while a man lights the bundles of faggots piled around him. He holds an open book, presumably a Bible, while declaring "Not upon y [the] Condition." Marsh is surrounded by a large group of soldiers; a man on horseback... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: William Flower, fully clothed and with hands upraised, stands at a stake where he is chained at the waist. His left hand has been cut off and blood gushes from its stump. Flower declares, "Lord receive my Spirit," while soldiers pile bundles of faggots around him. The caption of the image indic... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Laurence is seated and chained to a chair while flames surround him and a dark cloud of smoke hovers above him. Small children with tears streaming down their faces, run about the fire in the foreground of the image. Laurence has his arms extended upward and is surrounded by a crowd of sol... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Doctor Robert Farrar, the Bishop of St. David's, burns at the stake while a hostile crowd of soldiers surrounds him. One of the soldiers wields a wooden stick at Farrar. Farrar is fully clothed and chained to a stake while clouds of smoke and flames engulf him. In the first edition (1563) this ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, burning at the stake. The caption of the image indicates that this martyrdom took place on February 9, 1555. In this illustration, Hooper stands naked, wrapped only in a loincloth and tied to the stake by a band around his waist. With his right hand draped acro... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The burning of Master John Rogers, Vicar of St. Purchers, and Reader of St. Paul’s in London.” Rogers, fully clothed and with hands raised to the sky, stands chained to the stake amidst an extremely large fire and dark clouds of smoke. A banderole protruding from his mouth contains the statem... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Robert Barnes, Thomas Garret, and William Jerome in Smithfield, a district of London which was the scene of over 200 martyrdoms during the reign of Mary I, are chained together to the stake; high flames and large dark clouds of smoke surround them. A few soldiers surround the men and two of them... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The Death & Martyrdom of Damlip.” Adam Damlip, clothed only in a loincloth, lies on ground after being cut down from hanging by the neck on the gallows above; the rope is still around his neck. His bowels are ripped out by the hands of the executioner, whose axe lies on the ground by Damlip be... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “The order and manner of the burning of the constant Martyr of Christ, John Lambert.” John Lambert, naked and chained to a stake, stands with both arms outstretched upward and says "None but Christ, none but Christ." Men from either side of Lambert poke the fire while a richly dressed man sits an... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "The Martyrdome of Master William Tindale [Tyndale] in Flanders, by Vilvord Castle." Tyndale, covered only with a loincloth and chained to a stake, stands on a platform while the executioner strangles him with a rope; faggots are propped on the platform in preparation for burning Tyndale’s body.... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Collins, fully dressed and chained to a stake, is burned in Smithfield for holding his dog aloft in mockery of the consecrated host. The dog is held by its tail as the executioner prepares to throw it into the fire. It appears as though Collins is speaking to the man holding his dog. A crowd g... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: John Frith and Andrew Hewet, hands folded as in prayer, stand back-to-back and tied to the stake. An active and rowdy crowd gathers around the two men as onlookers look out the windows of the buildings in the background. The man in the lower right corner of the image prepares to ignite the fagg... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Seven Coventry martyrs—two women and five men--are chained to three stakes and burned. Some of them extend their arms upward, others clasp their hands in prayer, and one crosses her hands over her chest. They appear to be elevated above the large crowd of civilians and soldiers that stand below... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: “A description of [the] Lollards Tower, where Mr. Richard Hunne was murthered [murdered].” Richard Hunne (Hun), a merchant-tailor who resided in London, hangs in the corner of the prison cell in Lollards Tower in St. Paul's Cathedral while the three men allegedly responsible for Hunne's death ex... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "The manner of the popish Spaniards in carrying Nicholas Burton a blessed martyr of Christ, after most spitefull sort to the burning" Nicholas Burton sits backward on an ass and is wearing garments that depict devils. He also wears a hat that is similar to a bishop’s which is also decorated wit... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Alexander [Sander] Gouch and Driver’s wife [Alice Driver] stand naked and chained back-to-back while they burn at the stake. Driver’s wife faces the left of the image and has her arms extended to the crowd before her. Alexander Gouch faces the right of the image and has his left hand raised and... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "The patient Martyrdome of a poore woman at Exeter, being one Prests wife." A woman, identified as Prest’s wife (“God be Mercifull [Merciful] to me a Sinner”) stands fully clothed and chained to the stake. She has her arms raised as if she is gesturing while speaking to the crowd that surrounds... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: "The Martyrdom of Six men burned at Brainford An. 1558 Iuly [July] 14." Robert Milles, Stephen Cotton, Robert Dynes, Stephen Wight, John Slade, and William Pikes stand fully clothed and chained to two stakes as they burn in the flames that surround them. Two men have their hands clasped in praye... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Ten martyrs (six men and four women) are chained to five separate stakes. All of the martyrs are fully clothed and are engulfed by large flames. Three men and two women have their hands clasped in prayer. A crowd of soldiers observes the burning; two soldiers at the far left of the image are o... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Flames engulf Haukes ("O Lord, Receiue my spirite." ["O Lord, receive my spirit"]), who burns outside Coxehall in Essex. Haukes raises his arms above his head and gazes upward as he slumps against his chain. A man on horseback supervises the execution, and a crowd of soldiers and alarmed civilian... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Cardmaker ("I. Cardmaker." ["J. Cardmaker"]) stands barefoot before piles of faggots and addresses two richly dressed men on horseback. Chained to a stake among faggots, Warne ("Bevvare of idolatry" ["Beware of idolatry"]) addresses civilians and soldiers, who gesture in return. This woodcut appe... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Surrounded by freshly lit faggots, Flower ("Lord receiue my spirite." ["Lord receive my spirit."]) stands against a stake and raises his arms upward. Workers add new faggots to the pyre. Flower's right hand has been cut off and impaled on a spear, and his wrist bleeds at its stump. A man on horse... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Engulfed in flames, Farrar ("O lorde in thee I trust." ["O Lord, in thee I trust."]) slumps against a chain. His skin has almost completely burned away, leaving his skeleton clearly visible. This woodcut appears only in the first edition (1563). It is replaced by "Martyr burns at the stake (6)," ... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Taylor ("Mercifull father for Jesus sake, receiue my soule." ["Merciful father for Jesus sake, receive my soul"]) stands among faggots and extends his arms outward. Observing spectators and soldiers anticipate Taylor's execution. Two supervisors direct the preparations from horseback. This woodcu... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: This full-page woodcut insert depicts the execution of Hugh Latimer, the former Bishop of Worcester, and Nicholas Ridley, the Edwardian Bishop of London. Richard Smith ("Smith.") preaches at a portable pulpit from I Corinthians 13:3 ("Si corp[us] meu[m] tradam igni caritate[m] aute[m] non habea[m... -
Contributing Institution: Southern Methodist University Bridwell Library and Ohio State University Libraries Description: Soldiers prepare to light the fire that will consume Barnes, Garret, and Jerome, who stand among faggots. This execution transpires at Smithfield, a location outside London wall that witnessed heresy executions during the reigns of Henry VIII and Mary I. A richly dressed man supervises from horse...